Central Station Film Analysis - 1542 Words

Central Station Film Analysis In the film Central Station (Central do Brasil), Walter Salles presents the characters as on a journey to self-discovery. It is a film about identity. Central Station is a melodrama of transformation based on an anomalous-duo comprising of Dora, a jaded retired schoolteacher, and Josuà ©, a nine year-old boy, who embark on a cross-country journey in search of the boy’s father upon the unfortunate death of his mother. The film presents its analysts with many possible interpretations and significations due to its combination of different themes, visual allusions and narrative elements. Central do Brasil film can be interpreted in three ways: as an extended metaphor on the writing process and a narration of personal stories and experiences, as a figurative journey of Brazilian search for its identity depicted in Dora’s transformation and Josuà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s quest for his roots, and as a theological allegory inviting a â€Å"theological reading of humans struggling to maint ain a relationship to an absent God† (Bowman 1). Through a detailed analysis film’s content, production, and reception, this paper interprets Central do Brasil as an allegory representing the pursuit for identity and transformation. The first scene of the movie opens with long shots and tracking shots of multitudes of Brazilians streaming and forcing their way in and out of the Rio de Janeiro train’s doors and windows scrambling for sitting and standing spaces, juxtaposed with cut edits of mediumShow MoreRelatedDisney Company : The World s Most Prominent Conglomerate1618 Words   |  7 PagesWith assets encompassing film, television, publishing, the Internet, music, and recreation, The Walt Disney Company is one the world’s most prominent conglomerate. Although it is known internationally for its princesses, pirates, and the iconic Mickey Mouse, Disney’s holdings include: a portfolio of cable networks (ABC, Disney Channel, ESPN, and more), film studios (Disney Animation and Pixar), Marvel Entertainment, and the internationally celebrated Disney resorts, amusement park, and cruises. 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The Human Rights Act 1998 And Tort Law - 1940 Words

The Human Rights Act 1998 and Tort Law are seen to be together in â€Å"overlapping ways † as Franà §ois du Bois explains. In this essay we will begin by looking at the introduction of the Human Rights Act, and the claims in negligence against public authorities. Then we will look at the different views as to the remedies, whether Tort law and the Human Rights Act, should be used together and developed together, or should be used separately in a claim in negligence against a public authority. The introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998, as Oliphant and Lunney describes it â€Å"creates a new statutory remedy against public authorities for violating of the specified Convention rights† . Section 7 of the act requires that any individual that brings a claim against public authorities must be a victim. A victim under the Human Rights Act â€Å"refers to the person who could bring a case under the ECHR. Victims must be directly affected or be at risk of being directly affected by the act in questions. Victims can include†¦relatives of the victim where a complaint is made about death.† . An example of this would be the case of Rabone v Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust in which Melanie had in the past attempted to commit suicide on several occasions. After the most recent attempt she was admitted to the hospital where they observed and tested her. Two days after, she was released for two days home visit despite her tests indicating her being at high risk of attempting suicide again, which isShow MoreRelatedTrespass1218 Words   |  5 PagesOVERVIEW OF THE TORTS COVERING TRESPASS TO THE PERSON * DEFENCES TO TRESPASS TO THE PERSON * ALTHOUGH NOT A PART OF TRESPASS TO THE PERSON WE WILL ALSO ASSESS THE RULE IN WILKINSON V DOWNTON 1. OVERVIEW The aim/s of these torts: Protection from personal interference / protects your bodily integrity and your liberty. 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Lord Slynn of Hadley, Waters v Commissioner of Police [2000] 1 WLR 1607 atRead MoreLegal systems: Duty of Care and Negligence1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthe concept of duty of care and its connection to negligence serve a key role in the society. Tort law provides for legal processes following acts of negligence that exhibit duty of care. The underlying liability in negligence, however, is limited because duty of care must be justified before the courts. Acts of negligence could result in many different forms of harm or injury. Under the common law, acts of negligence could result in physical injury, psychological harm or economic loss. These outcomesRead MoreProfessional Engineering And The Laws1040 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional Engineering and the Laws The role of the professional Engineer entails a legal aspect that he or she is compelled to comply with in the execution of their responsibilities. The relevant statutes and regulations were adequately addressed in the case of â€Å"The Walkerton Inquiry†. These statutes and regulations include standard design approaches, management of water resources, construction of infrastructure and operation for the provision of quality and safe drinking water. The responsibility

Phobias and Addiction Paper Free Essays

Phobias and Addiction PSY 300 October 22, 2012 Phobias and Addiction Learning a behavior is gaining knowledge or skills through experience, practice, or conditioning. For example, most people learn to wake up at the sound of an alarm clock. Through the process of conditioning, he or she awakens at the sound of the alarm. We will write a custom essay sample on Phobias and Addiction Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The alarm becomes the signal to start the day. Often what happens is that some people condition themselves to awaken at the same time every day without even hearing the alarm. In the late nineteenth century Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was the first to systematically study classical conditioning (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Classical conditioning is a process when a neutral stimulus brings forth a reaction corresponding with a stimulus that automatically brings forth that reaction (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Pavlov effectively produced a conditioned reaction in dogs to a specific stimulus in systematically planned procedure (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Produced in a similar process are phobias, addictions, and the process of extinction. The following considers how phobias develop through classical conditioning, how addictions develop through operant conditioning, how these two types of conditioning differ, and finally covering the process of extinction and how it is achieved in both types of conditioning. Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical and Operant conditioning are processes in which the brain connects and understands different things. Both depend on the modifications that arise in behaviors when derived from the setting or the behavior itself and necessitate a systematic process. Classical and operant conditioning, otherwise known as associative learning, developed from the behaviorist perspective (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Both procedures share â€Å"common features such as extinction, prepared learning, discrimination, generalization, and the possibility of maladaptive associations† (Kowalski Westen, 2011, p. 193). In classical conditioning the stimulus that gives off a reflexive response is substituted with a different stimulus (Kowalski Westen, 2011). In operant conditioning the preferred behavior results according to consequences whether positively or negatively reinforced making that behavior occur more or less frequently (Kowalski Westen, 2011). It is through these processes that some humans develop phobias and addictions. Phobias through Classical Conditioning According to â€Å"Kowalski Westen†, (2011), â€Å"a phobia is an irrational fear of a specific object or situation (p. 167). When someone reacts to this irrational fear, his or her response is extreme anxiety such as hyperventilating, increased heart rate, extreme emotions, and sometimes fainting (Kowalski Westen, 2011). A famous example of the creation of phobias in classical conditioning occurred during the Little Albert experiment conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayners (Kowalski Westen, 2011). For example, though Albert did not initially fear white rats, when a loud noise occered with the white rat the conditioned response became fear (Kowalski Westen, 2011). This created a phobia of white rats and other objects used during the experiment (Kowalski Westen, 2011). For Albert, classical conditioning created these behaviors. Addictions through operant Conditioning Another difficult and often destructive behavior is addiction. The results of addictions can often be poor health, disease, crime, mental illness, and even death. According to the â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA), (2012), addiction is defined as â€Å"is a condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (Addictions). The â€Å"drug† to an addict is not always a substance; it is sometimes an activity such as gambling, sex, or eating. Addiction is often associated with operant conditioning (Antczak,  2011). A person has natural survival methods, the pleasure or pain response, which either causes the feeling of pleasure when the action is to survive or pain in the actions that decrease to chance of survival (Antczak,  2011). These responses occur as a result of the release of neurotransmitters in the brain (Antczak,  2011). Pathways form in the brain and neurotransmitters reinforce them with the experience of pleasure or pain (Antczak,  2011). Using drugs for example often result in both pleasure and pain responses. Initially the drug creates the feeling of pleasure. This â€Å"high† can cause the person to seek out this altered state therefore creating an addiction. After the high an addict often experiences ill feelings or pain. Often, the addict will seek out those feelings of pleasure to avoid the pain and distress when they are not using the addictive substance. This pattern of a connection between behavior and consequence is operant conditioning (Antczak,  2011). Extinction In classical conditioning learned responses can be extinguished, which is the process of extinction (Kowalski Westen, 2011). After extinction, recovery is often short term. Extinction initially weakens the remaining association to the learned response, but extinction does not occur unless the reactions of consistent. For example, a parent seeks to have his or her child fall asleep on their own at night and eventually succeeds after having the child cry to sleep on his or her own for a period of time. If this process is consistently repeated, the child eventually will fall asleep on his or her own. After some time, if one parent rushes to the child when he or she cries, the parent will once again struggle to get the child to fall asleep in his or her own and fail to extinguish the behavior. According to Kowalski Westen, (2011) extinction in operant conditioning occurs if enough trials pass in which the operant is not followed by the consequence previously associated with it (p. 78). If the behavior does not emit either a positive or negative consequence, eventually the behavior will not occur (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Conclusion Associative learning covers both classical and operant conditioning and both succeed in a number of settings. To maintain positive behaviors sustain and reinforce connections or extinction ultimately will occur. People learn from experience, and associations made and the resulting behaviors have a powerful influence in the brain. Some associations result in phobias or addictions and although extinction can occur, the process of changing a response is difficult. Classical and operant conditioning allow people to survive, thrive, and adjust to a continually changing situation. References American Psychological Association. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Antczak, A. (2011). Yahoo! voices. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/classical-operant-conditioning-phobias-addictions-10159457. html Kowalski, R. , Westen, D. (2011). Psychology  (6th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. How to cite Phobias and Addiction Paper, Papers

Relationship between International and National Law

Question: Discuss about the Report on Relationship between International and National Law? Answer: Introduction The present research paper based on the critically exploring all the fact and findings of international law and national law. The selected country region in the county is United Kingdom. England, Scotland and Wales are the three countries, which represent United Kingdom. The law of United Kingdom is critically compared with the law of the European Union. In the study, the law of United Kingdom comprises the domestic law and on the other hand, the law of European Union comprises of the international law[1]. All the major Acts and laws of the European Union are analyzed with the Acts and laws of the United Kingdom. Generally, the United Kingdom legislation does not maintain any written law and legislations. United Kingdom Legislation does not maintain proper-coded constitutions. On the other hand, the European Union Law maintains a proper-coded constitution. This is one of the most important points in the present study. There are certain advantages and disadvantages of maintaining coded and de coded legislation procedure. This part of the study will summarize the entire structure of the research paper. There are several parts in this particular investigation procedure. The introductory part of the study will highlight the two legal systems, which are highlighted in the study. The second part of the research paper will highlight the background of the investigation procedure. The background of the investigation procedure will analyze what are the key areas and points, which are heighted in the study. The most important point is the rationale of the study, which concludes different issues that can be derived from the topic. The research questions of the study, which are developed by the investigator, will analyze all the key points and areas of the two legal systems. This part of the study will analyze the key relationship point of the two-selected legal system. The following part of the study will highlight different kinds of research methodologies which investigator will use in order to outline the ent ire investigation procedure [2]. The significant part of the entire research methodology is the application of the data analysis procedure. The researcher in the entire investigation procedure has decided maintain the cost factor in the entire investigation procedure. The concluding part of the entire investigation procedure will summarize the entire investigation procedure. Background of the Study The study covers all the Acts and legislations of international law and domestic law. At the initial stage international law and domestic law differs in magnitudes. Domestic law of every country governs the behaviors and actions of different individuals within the country. On the other hand, international law governs the behavior and actions of bodies of government, which includes state or a country. Generally, there are three branches of every government. Depending upon the requirements of the country the three branches of the government are divided into executive branch, judicial branch and legislative branch. The concept of enforcement plays an important and vital role in both international law and domestic law. International law lacks a common executive. On the other hand, majority of the domestic law can be executed. The study will analyze critically all the major factors which differentiate between international law and domestic law. In the study, the constituency of the United Kingdom and the constituency of the European Union are highlighted. One of the major advantages of the United Kingdom law is the legislation are not coded. With indicates that the government can maintain flexibility in the rules and regulations. If required it can be amended within a specific period. The voting system and the human rights are the two crucial factors, which determine the legal contribution. European Union follows a coded legislation, which indicates less flexibility. Rationale of the Study This part of the study will cover three important points. The three points of the study are highlighted in the following part of the study:- What is the issue? Why is the issue? What is the issue now? The study will focus on the three important factors, which will contribute the rationale of the study. The study covers all the critical areas of the international law compared with the domestic law. It will critically analyze all the important areas of the legal structure of the United Kingdom with the Legal structure of the European Union. In the era of globalization, the role of the legal system plays a vital role [3]. For example if a company in Australia wants to develop its legal structure in the United Kingdom, it is one of the very difficult part to follow the a proper legal system. In this particular case, the concept of the legal system plays a vital role. The European Legal structure develops a versatile legal system, which offers majority of the companies to follow a proper structure off a legal system. This particular option is not applicable in the legal system of the United Kingdom. There are negligible issues, which are highlighted in the entire investigation procedure of the selected topic [4]. Both the legal structure of the United Kingdom and European are developed based on the requirements of the county. Sometimes it becomes one of the most different points to compare and to conclude relationship of the national legal system with international legal system. Both the legal system has specific features. The notion of feature includes different concepts of the two legal systems, which includes different applications based on the requirements. In order to compare and contrast a national legal system with international legal system, the Legal system of the United Kingdom is highlighted with the legal system of the European Union. Both the selected legal structure maintains a unique relationship. The relationship of the legal structure of the United Kingdom is almost same with the European Union. All the important factors such as different of legislations and different kinds of Acts are highlighted in the study. The national law and the legal system of any country are developed by keeping in mind the requirements of the country and on the other hand, the international legal system is devel oped by analyzing all the factors of the national legal of different country. The ultimate relationship in this context can be concluded with this particular point is all the legal system of any country is developed, keeping in mind the different needs and requirements of the country and by ensuring a proper reservation of the human rights in the country. Research Questions The investigator keeping in mind the requirements of the research work develops research questions. Initially the researcher has developed five questions based on the national and international law. Q1) what are the different characteristics of the legal system of the United Kingdom which will conclude about the relationship with internal legal system Q2) how the legal system of the United Kingdom differs from the legal system of England, Wales and Scotland Q3) what are the key points, which can be concluded, after relating the legal system of the United Kingdom with European Union Q4) what are the major drawbacks and loopholes of the legal system in the United Kingdom Q5) what are the major drawbacks and loopholes of the legal system of the European Union Research Methodology The outline of the research process is known as the concept of the Research methodologies. The present study mainly deals in the process of analyzing all the critical factors of the national law and international law of United Kingdom [5]. Majority of the research work is conducted with the help of the secondary data analysis. The notion of the secondary research is done with the help of the data, which are already being published. For example, different kinds of legal and official websites, different kinds published newspapers, journals and articles are the key of data. The investigator in order to conduct a proper investigation procedure based on analyzing different points on local and national legal system also organized primary data analysis. The entire data analysis techniques were divided into primary data analysis procedure and secondary data analysis procedure [6]. The application of the qualitative and the application of the quantitative are the two important parts in the en tire data analysis techniques. The primary data analysis procedure is a much time consuming process and requires a lot of cost in the process of organizing. Resources are limited; the job of the investigator is to complete the research work with the limited resources. On the other hand, to complete the investigation process on time is another challenging job for the analyst in the operations of the investigation process. Keeping in mind the requirements of the investigation procedure the researcher has decided to organize only secondary data analysis process. With the help of the secondary data analysis, the investigator has organized the entire investigation procedure based on national and international legal structure of the United Kingdom. The other three other component in the research outline is research philosophy, research approach and research design [7]. There are several research approaches, research designs and research philosophies in the investigation procedure. The job of the researcher is to analyze all the factors of the investigation procedure based on the requirements of the research work. Post positivism is one of the most significant research approaches. The investigator in the process of organizing the research work on national law and international law the researcher has decided to use the concept of post positivism philosophies. With the application of the post positivism, research philosophy the investigator in the operations of the investigation procedure will be able to support the research work with secondary data, real facts and findings. Research approach is another mode of research methodology, which ensures the investigator, to support the investigation procedure by analyzing different kinds of theories and models. Sometimes it becomes very much different for the investigator to decide whether to choose inductive mode of investigation procedure or weather to use deductive mode of investigation procedure. Both the inductive method and the deductive method have different utility in the investigation procedure [8]. In the present research paper on comparisons between international law and national law, the investigator has decided to use the concept of inductive method. As compared with deductive method of research approach, the investigator has decided use the concept of the inductive method of research approach. The main difference between the applications of the inductive method of research philosophy with the deductive method of research philosophy is the application of different theories [9]. The application of t he inductive method of research philosophy includes the concept of the concerned with development of new theories emerging from different analysis of different scientific data. Deductive method of research approach mainly covers all the areas of testing theories. Generally, the application of the inductive method of research approach is more expensive as compared with the deductive method of research approach. Cost is one of the most crucial parts in the entire investigation procedure as resources of the organizations are limited. Application of existing theories and development of new theories is the ultimate objective in the process of inductive method of research approach [10]. The concept of research design refers to the overall research strategies ensuring an effective research work. This part of the research methodology concludes the overall design for data collection method and techniques. There are different kinds research designs. Sometime it becomes very much difficult for the investigator to choose the accurate research designs for the selected research problems, Challenges and problems are always present in different kinds of investigation procedure. The researcher in the study has done a lot of investigation procedure in order to conclude about the best research designs. The concept of research design is known as the blue print of the research proceedings to conduct a proper research work. Plan of executing different collected research data can be done with the application of the research design. The overall plans and proceedings for answering the answering the research questions or testing the research hypothesis is the ultimate objective of the research designs. In the present research paper, the investigator has decided to use the concept of the descriptive research designs. Depending upon the nature of the research work on national and international law the investigator has decided to use the concept of descriptive research design. Descriptive research design brings more sustainability in the entire investigation procedure. Applying descriptive method of research designs will ensure the investigator to carry on an in dept analysis on national law of United Kingdom and international law of European Union. The investigator in the operations of research used the overall research methodology to develop this particular research paper based on the comparisons of the national law and international law. The investigation in the study has critically analyzed all the facts and findings based on the national law of England, Wales and Scotland with international law of European Union. As mentioned cost is one of the most crucial part in the entire investigation procedure a resources of the organizations are limited. The investigator in the present research work has ensured in the optimum utilization of resources. In the investigation procedure, the researcher has skipped the primary source of data collection [11]. The qualitative source and the quantitative source of data collection are quite expensive as compared with the secondary data collection. In order to make the entire investigation procedure in a cost effective manner the investigator has decided to support the study on national and int ernational law on secondary method of data collection. In the outline of the investigation procedure, the investigator has used all the application of the research methodology in an accurate manner. The investigator has done a remarkable job for deciding the entire outline of the investigation procedure. Data Sampling Data sampling analyses a significant portion of the analysis procedure. In order to make the entire investigation cost efficient the investigator has decided to use the application of the secondary method of data collection. The secondary mode of data collection techniques includes different kinds of research analysis of different journals, articles and books. One of the most important part in the entire data analysis procedure is the investigator has used different official websites of legislative system of the government of the United Kingdom and with the European Union. The investigator in the entire investigation procedure has done a remarkable job in order to make the entire investigation procedure cost effective and cost efficient [12]. Nearly the analyst concluded about different books and different journals to conclude the entire investigation procedure with effective information. Literature Review The consolidation process of the legal system was started with the advent of the European Union. National law and international law are the two important factors, which are the major two constituents of the present study. Legislation of the United Kingdom and the European Union are the two important bodies, which are highlighted in the study. With reference to this context, European law divided different legislation [13]. One is the primary legislation and on the other hand, secondary legislation. Primary legislation is the basic ground of all European Law action. The secondary legislation includes three important factor of the European Union Law. Regulations, directives and decisions are the three important principles and objectives, which are set out in the rules and regulations of the legislations. The United Kingdom legislation system has three bodies. The notion of the English law is applicable in England and Wales. On the other hand, the legal system of Northern Ireland is based on common law principle[14]. However, the legal system of Scotland is based on civil law principles. The legal system United Kingdom is diversified. England and Wales diverge in more detail rules and regulations of the English law and on the other hand, common law and civil law are the two important points in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system since developed by the political Union of previously independent country [15]. Common law, English Law and civil law are the three important factors in the entire legal structure of the United Kingdom. Concept of National Law The domestic legal system of any country comprises the concept of the national law. United Kingdom comprises both national law and international legal system [16]. The objective of the study is to analysis all the factors of the national legal system of the country, which includes different Acts, rules and legislation. The application and the utility of the national legal system are restricted within the national boundary[17]. The application and the utility of the national legal structure is not applied beyond the national boundary of the country. Concept of International Law The concept and the application of the international law are applied globally. The application of the international legal system can be applied globally or nationally. The most significant part of the study is the contribution of the international legal system based on the formulation of the national legal system [18]. Different legal system of different country contributes a significant portion in the process of development of a proper international legal structure. In order to diversify this particular concept the legal system of the United Kind and the legal system of the European are highlighted. Relation between National Law and International Law This part of the study will analyze all the important factors, which are related with the concept of the international law and domestic law. The notion of cooperation and symbiosis are the two important elements, which distinguish the concept between the international law and local law. International law recognizes doctrines and concept created by different national level legislations. The concept monism and dualism are the two important accept which needs to justified in order supporting the concept of national law and international law . The notion of dualism is the international and domestic legal order, which exits in two separate legal orders. Subject, sources and content are the three important factors, which constitutes the three important factors in the dualism. National law has more priority over international law. Monism is the concept of national law has one unitary and coherent system. International law is at the top of the pyramid of the Monism structure. Monism legal structure comprises of different kinds of conflicts in both national law and in international law. The concepts of transportation of international law into domestic law are not required. Under the notion of the Dualism Doctrine, there is a clear distinction between the international law and state level law [19]. Dualism and monism are the two important factors, which comprises international law and domestic law. The doctrine is established by giving top priority to the local level law. Monism Dualism Monism is the concept of the international legal system above domestic legal system, which mainly controls the domestic legal system of a country. Dualism is the concept of the national state interest, which can overrule international legal system. Monism integrates different international values which can override the international legal system of the country Dualism does not integrate different international values, which can override the international legal system of the country. Weather an international legal system or an national legal system, the ultimate objective of any legal system is to protect all the rights and interest of every individuals The concept is same in case of Dualism. The main objective of any legal structure weather national legal structure and international legal structure, the objective of the legal structure is to protect the rights and interest of each individual. The national legal system comprises of different states International legal system constitutes first internal law and then state level law. English Law Judges Session in courts makes the essence of English legal system of England and Wales. The statutory framework of the English law is developed by the first schedule of the Interpretation Act of 1978, which defines certain objectives of the British Islands. British Island comprises of two unions. England and United Kingdom are the two unions, which comprises of the British Union [20]. The statutes of the United Kingdom comprise Act of Old Irish Parliament, Act of Scottish Parliament and Act of United Kingdom Parliament is statute law structure, which comprise the legal system of the United Kingdom and most importantly comprises of the English Law. The idea of the statutory instrument is the principal form, in which the legislation of the English law delegated in Great Britain. There are three levels of delegation in the English law. Executive branch, judicial branch and Legislative branch are the three important branches of delegation in the United Kingdom. The statutory instruments governed the Statutory Instrument Act of the year 1946. All the three-delegated bodies are organized by the statutory rules and regulations. There are certain rules and regulations, which is followed in order to develop a proper Act. Common Law Common law is known as the notion of the case law [21]. A common law is a legal system, which comprises legal the structure of the Scotland. Statutory law and regulatory law are the two important legislative bodies, which comprises the notion of the Scottish legal system. Civil Law Civil law is one of the most important parts in the entire European legislation. The notion of the civil law is a group a legal ideas and system which is derived ultimately from the court of Justice. The Northern Ireland structures entirely developed with civil law as compared with the other two legislation of the country [22]. There are certain formulations of the civil law. Abstraction is the ultimate formulation of the civil law. European Union Doctrine The objective of the study is to analyze all the critical factors of the two legal systems. There are certain factors, which needs to be analyzed critically. The legal structure of the United Kingdom is the notion of the national law and on the other hand, the notion of the European Union is the notion of the international law. This part of the study will cover the doctrine of the European Union. The concept of the EU law is first implemented in the national Judges. The European Union treaties are based on rule of law. This point concludes that every action taken by European Union is formed on a treaty that needs to be approved by the European Union, which indicates different European countries [23]. There are different applications of the EU law. European Union comprises of both National law and international law. One of the most important application of the European law is it confers right and obligations on different authorities on each members of the countries as well as different in different individuals [24]. The authorities in each members of the country are responsible for implementation process of the European Union Legislation in national law. Enforcement of law is equally important as compared with development of the legal procedure. Each members of the country are equally important and responsible for the implementation process of the European Union legislation in the national law and the most significant point is to enforce the law properly and must guarantee for the protection of the of the rights of the citizen under different circumstances. There are different forms of European legislation. European Union is associated with the decision making process of the European Union. Relationship between the UK Legal Structure and with the European Union Important points of the European Union There are 27 countries, which represents the entire European Union. The rules of the European Union is developed keeping in mind the requirement of the countries. There are several points, which determine the advantages of the European Union. Some of the key points are discussed in the study. The rules and regulations of the European Union represent the international part of the comparison study. The following points will help the readers to conclude about the different advantages of the European Union. Low prices of goods The members of the European Union exits in a single market were all the price of the goods and services are low [25]. The notion of the custom tax is not applied in this particular segment. The concept of the custom tax is the tax, which are paid when the goods are transferred from one country to another. With the exclusion of the custom tax members of the European Union is benefited by getting the goods and services in a lower cost. Citizens are freely to move from one country to another in Europe The members of the European Union are allowed to move from one European country to another European country [26]. This is one of the most important advantages because the citizens of the European Union are not required visa for travelling one country to another within Europe. Workers in the European Union are more protected The workers in the European Union are more protected as compared with the workers of the other country. The rules and regulations of the European Union are developed in such a manner by keeping in mind the requirements of the workers and by protecting the legal rights of the workers [27]. The key factors, which are emphasized towards the development of the workers rights, are rules and regulations, workplace timings, working hours, holiday structures and breaks. Overcrowding All the rules and regulations of the European Union are overcrowded. All the citizens are freely to move from one European country to another European country [28]. It this is one of the major advantages and on the other hand, some added this is also a major disadvantage. Single currency There are 27 members in the entire European Union nation. Every nation has own national currency and on the other hand, there is a common European Currency named as Euro. By the application of the European currency, it brings confusion weather to use Euro or weather to use national level currency. Not all policies of the Legal structure are efficient The European Union comprises of different kinds of legislative structure. The entire legislative structure and the legal body of the European Union are equally efficient. All the legal structure of the European Union is developed by keeping in mind the requirement of single country in entire Europe. However, some of the policies of the European Union are efficient and on the other hand, some of the policies of the European Union are not equally efficient [29]. For example in recent time, there were different kinds of issues, which were faced by the common agricultural policy, which resulted in the oversupply, and higher prices of goods [30]. Important points of United Kingdom law The entire United Kingdom rules and regulations maintain a flexible legal structure in the entire United Kingdom. The most important is the UK government maintains a proper decoded law structure. This allows the government to amend the legal structure based on the requirements after a specific period. One of the major disadvantages of the United Kingdom law is the government follows a decoded law structure, which has no written documentation. Research ethics In this research, the researcher has assessed various data on the international and national law by critically. This would make a rationale in distinguishing ideas that involve application of ethical principles of the research. It also includes scientific research on the code of referral of national laws imposed [31]. Thus, there may be various aspects related to human experimentation, academic scandal, scientific misconduct and fabrication of data [32]. International law has been represented by developing the research through scientific community that has transmitted the values ethically [33]. It is identified that ethical issues would be taken into consideration if responsibilities were made through securing actual permission and interests of the participants. Hence, this would be carried through the ideas that make the research effective on motivation and development process. The investigator in the study needs to organize the entire research process by maintaining the ethics in a proper manner. Research ethics is a different approach that is performed in educational communities. Individuals and workers identify these ethics in organizing the aspects that make it influential on the laws performed. There are key issues that are formed on the organizational territory. This includes honesty and integrity that reviews the author and experts of editorial boards. The review process may also contribute to the qualities that stand in the organizational area [34]. If the ethical standards are presented on the unidentified activities, authorship may claim right. To see the perspective of ethics on international and national laws, there are recommendations that will help to make the economy better [35]. Discussion on intellectual property Research ethics regulates on the federal bodies that make it a judgmental among the individuals. The code of framework makes people comfortable in some ways, but the barriers do not form a working environment. It is specifically said that major faculty would discuss the credit but the idea of the research would not attract target audiences [36]. This code has contributed substantially through authorship credit that has a research perspective on holding an introductory statement. Thus, this contributes on the design procedures, interpretation of laws and making the research hypothetical. Conscious of multiple roles The ethical perspectives on international laws have imposed relationships that will exploit others. This would be reasonably good if multiple relationships are created through participants and clients [37]. An interesting area where these types of laws permit would make differential analysis through Data Protection Act and implement rules and regulations in the research area [38]. Follow informed and consent rules Here, individuals and other participants that volunteer the work on risking the benefits relevantly would assist the idea [39]. This will persist by making federal laws reasonable in understanding the ideas that includes: The purpose of the research is expected to make a code of framework through ethical ideas and concepts. Incentives for major participants have a prospect of research benefits. The limit of confidentiality refers to data coding, sharing and archiving. Participants have interacted through major questionnaires, which have to be solved at times. Confidentiality and privacy This will balance on the research issues if participants do not seek enough research instinct. If the information is organized through a periodic behavior, then there will be a lack of confidentiality. On the other side, privacy should also be maintained as well. Proposed provisional research timetable and chapter headings Time Schedule of the investigation procedure Main activities 1st+ 2ndweek 2nd +3rdweek 3rd+ 4thweek 4th+5thweek 6th + 7thweek 7th+ 8thweek Selection of the Research topic Literature review and different theories Investigation procedure of the research paper Data collection Techniques (Primary method and Secondary method) Analysis part of the investigations procedure Findings and research analysis Conclusion and Recommendation Final submission of the Research Paper Conclusion The present research paper is divided into several parts. The objective of the study is to distinguish between the national law and international law. There are several points, which are elaborated in the study and contribute a significant portion in the study. The selected country in the research paper is United Kingdom. The legal structure of the United Kingdom comprises the national legal structure and on the other hand, the European Union legal structure of the study comprises the international legal structure. All the characteristics of both the legal structure are highlighted in the study. The United Kingdom legal structure is the comprised of the legal structure of England, Wales and Scotland. Three different countries maintain three different kinds of legal structure. In England the application of English law is applied, in Wales, common law is applied and Civil law is applied in different parts of Scotland. All the important factors such as different kinds of legislation and different kind kinds of Acts are analyzed in the study in order to highlight the key relationship of both the national legal structure and international legal structure. National Law and international have some specific features. The concept of the national law comprises all the internal factors of the country, which are developed by matching the requirements of the country. The notions of the national law are restricted within a specific geographical region of the country, while the application of the international legal structure is not restricted with in a specific geographical boundary of the country. It is applicable globally. In order to develop a proper investigation process on the present research topic of law, the investigator applies different investigation procedure. Research approach, research designs and research philosophies are the key points, which the investigator in the present research paper applied in the research operations. Mostly importantly, keeping in mind the cost factor of the investigation procedure the researcher in the study applies the concept of the secondary data analysis in order to reduce the cost. Cost is one of th e most effect factors in the operations of the investigation procedure and on the other hand, the other hand the resources of the organizational are limited. By applying the secondary mode of data analysis, the researcher in the investigation procedure will reduce cost in different manner. The main reason for applying the secondary mode of the data analysis because the entire investigation procedure is done based on the published. Reference List Arnold R,The Universalism Of Human Rights(Springer 2013) Arrowsmith S and Treumer S,Competitive Dialogue In EU Procurement(Cambridge University Press 2012) Arrowsmith S,The Law Of Public And Utilities Procurement. Vol. 1(Sweet Maxwell 2014) Bakker R, Jolly S and Polk J, "Complexity In The European Party Space: Exploring Dimensionality With Experts" (2012) 13 European Union Politics Boas G,Public International Law(Edward elgar 2013) Carter B and Weiner A,International Law(Wolters Kluwer Law Business 2011) Chervenak F and McCullough L,The Professional Responsibility Model Of Perinatal Ethics(De Gruyter 2014) Cohen S, Schwartz M and Harris H,Ethics, Values And Civil Society(Emerald 2013) Corinne Jorgenson.,Proceedings Of The International Institute Of Space Law 2011(Eleven International Publishing 2012) Cotesta V and D'Auria M,Global Society And Human Rights(Brill 2012) Cuthbert M,European Union Law(Sweet Maxwell 2012) Database P,Blackstone's Police Operational Handbook 2014(Oxford University Press 2013) Davies K,Understanding European Union Law(Taylor and Francis 2012) De Wet E and Vidmar J,Hierarchy In International Law(Oxford University Press 2012) Edward D and Lane R,Edward And Lane On European Union Law(Edward Elgar 2012) Epps V and Graham L,International Law(Wolters Kluwer 2011) Ernst G and Heilinger J,The Philosophy Of Human Rights(De Gruyter 2012) Fairhurst J,Law Of The European Union(Pearson 2012) Friedman M,Human Rights(Heinemann Library 2012) Horspool M and Humphreys M,European Union Law(Oxford University Press 2012) Hunton P, "Managing The Technical Resource Capability Of Cybercrime Investigation: A UK Law Enforcement Perspective" (2012) 32 Public Money Management Jessup B and Rubenstein K,Environmental Discourses In Public And International Law(Cambridge University Press 2012) Kent P,European Union Law(Sweet Maxwell 2012) Lauritzen P,The Ethics Of Interrogation(Georgetown University Press 2013) Law R, Fuchs M and Ricci F,Information And Communication Technologies In Tourism 2011(Springer 2011) Law R, Fuchs M and Ricci F,Information And Communication Technologies In Tourism 2011(Springer 2011) Lemmings D,Crime, Courtrooms, And The Public Sphere In Britain, 1700-1850(Ashgate 2013) Love K,Ethics In Social Research(Emerald 2012) Mayer T and Steneck N,Promoting Research Integrity In A Global Environment(World Scientific 2012) Muller A, "Kate Parlett, The Individual In The International Legal System. Continuity And Change In International Law" (2012) 23 European Journal of International Law Odello M and Piotrowicz R,International Military Missions And International Law(Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2011) Osborne J,Professional Ethics(Osborne 2012) Primeaux P, Schwartz M and Harris H,Applied Ethics(Emerald 2012) Proksch S and Lo J, "Reflections On The European Integration Dimension" (2012) 13 European Union Politics Przybojewski J, "Principle Of Decentralization Of Public Power In Poland" (2014) 1 Law and Administration in Post-Soviet Europe R U,Italian Yearbook Of Human Rights 2011(PIE-Peter Lang SA 2012) RudaityteÃÅ'†¡ R,Literature In Society(Cambridge Scholars Pub 2012) Saxby S and Hill C, "Public Sector Information And Open Data: Which Way Forward For The UK?" (2012) 2 International Journal of Public Law and Policy Su F and McGettrick B,Professional Ethics(Cambridge Scholars 2012) Tiersma P and Solan L,The Oxford Handbook Of Language And Law(Oxford University Press 2012) Vellani F,Understanding Disability Discrimination Law Through Geography(Ashgate Pub 2013) Warntjen A, "Measuring Salience In EU Legislative Politics" (2011) 13 European Union Politics Whish R and Bailey D,Competition Law(Oxford University Press 2012) Xiong P,An International Law Perspective On The Protection Of Human Rights In The TRIPS Agreement(BRILL 2012) Zuba D, SekuÅ‚a K and Buczek A, "Identification And Characterization Of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Nitro--Phenethylamine (2C-N) A New Member Of 2C-Series Of Designer Drug" (2012) 222 Forensic Science International [1] Rainer Arnold,The Universalism Of Human Rights(Springer 2013). [2] Sue Arrowsmith,The Law Of Public And Utilities Procurement. Vol. 1(Sweet Maxwell 2014). [3] Sue Arrowsmith and Steen Treumer,Competitive Dialogue In EU Procurement(Cambridge University Press 2012). [4] R. Bakker, S. Jolly and J. Polk, "Complexity In The European Party Space: Exploring Dimensionality With Experts" (2012) 13 European Union Politics. [5] Gideon Boas,Public International Law(Edward elgar 2013). [6] Barry E Carter and Allen S Weiner,International Law(Wolters Kluwer Law Business 2011). [7] Frank A Chervenak and Laurence B McCullough,The Professional Responsibility Model Of Perinatal Ethics(De Gruyter 2014). [8] Stephen Cohen, Michael Schwartz and Howard Harris,Ethics, Values And Civil Society(Emerald 2013). [9] Corinne Jorgenson.,Proceedings Of The International Institute Of Space Law 2011(Eleven International Publishing 2012). [10] Vittorio Cotesta and Matthew D'Auria,Global Society And Human Rights(Brill 2012). [11] Mike Cuthbert,European Union Law(Sweet Maxwell 2012). [12] Karen Davies,Understanding European Union Law(Taylor and Francis 2012). [13] Erika De Wet and Jure Vidmar,Hierarchy In International Law(Oxford University Press 2012). [14] Gerhard Ernst and Jan-Christoph Heilinger,The Philosophy Of Human Rights(De Gruyter 2012). [15] John Fairhurst,Law Of The European Union(Pearson 2012). [16] David A. O Edward and Robert C Lane,Edward And Lane On European Union Law(Edward Elgar 2012). [17] Paul Lauritzen,The Ethics Of Interrogation(Georgetown University Press 2013). [18] Brad Jessup and Kim Rubenstein,Environmental Discourses In Public And International Law(Cambridge University Press 2012). [19] Sue Arrowsmith and Steen Treumer,Competitive Dialogue In EU Procurement(Cambridge University Press 2012). [20] Gerhard Ernst and Jan-Christoph Heilinger,The Philosophy Of Human Rights(De Gruyter 2012). [21] John Fairhurst,Law Of The European Union(Pearson 2012). [22] Margot Horspool and Matthew Humphreys,European Union Law(Oxford University Press 2012). [23] Mark Friedman,Human Rights(Heinemann Library 2012). [24] Paul Hunton, "Managing The Technical Resource Capability Of Cybercrime Investigation: A UK Law Enforcement Perspective" (2012) 32 Public Money Management. [25] Brad Jessup and Kim Rubenstein,Environmental Discourses In Public And International Law(Cambridge University Press 2012). [26] Jacek Przybojewski, "Principle Of Decentralization Of Public Power In Poland" (2014) 1 Law and Administration in Post-Soviet Europe. [27] Peter Meijes Tiersma and Lawrence Solan,The Oxford Handbook Of Language And Law(Oxford University Press 2012). [28] Penelope Kent,European Union Law(Sweet Maxwell 2012). [29] Jacek Przybojewski, "Principle Of Decentralization Of Public Power In Poland" (2014) 1 Law and Administration in Post-Soviet Europe. [30] Richard Whish and David Bailey,Competition Law(Oxford University Press 2012). [31] Paul Lauritzen,The Ethics Of Interrogation(Georgetown University Press 2013). [32] A. Warntjen, "Measuring Salience In EU Legislative Politics" (2011) 13 European Union Politics. [33] S.-O. Proksch and J. Lo, "Reflections On The European Integration Dimension" (2012) 13 European Union Politics. [34] Rob Law, Matthias Fuchs and Francesco Ricci,Information And Communication Technologies In Tourism 2011(Springer 2011). [35] Regina RudaityteÃÅ'†¡,Literature In Society(Cambridge Scholars Pub 2012). [36] Patrick Primeaux, Michael Schwartz and Howard Harris,Applied Ethics(Emerald 2012). [37] Rob Law, Matthias Fuchs and Francesco Ricci,Information And Communication Technologies In Tourism 2011(Springer 2011). [38] Rob Law, Matthias Fuchs and Francesco Ricci,Information And Communication Technologies In Tourism 2011(Springer 2011). [39] Feng Su and Bart McGettrick,Professional Ethics(Cambridge Scholars 2012).

Did nuclear weapons bring the world to the edge of war or did they help ensure peace

Nuclear weapons are among the weapons of mass destruction, which were first detonated in1945 during the Second World War. Primarily, the United States of America is the only nation that has used nuclear weapons in wars, having detonated two atomic bombs in two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on 6th and 9th August 1945 respectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Did nuclear weapons bring the world to the edge of war or did they help ensure peace? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The destruction of these two acts was immense and the effects of the same can still be felt to date. In the recent past, the possession and production of nuclear weapons has brought much tension in the world. From the time of these two bombings, nuclear weapons are closely monitored and supervised. This paper will discuss whether nuclear weapons brought the world to edge of war, as well as their role in ensuring peace. The natio ns that have acknowledged that they possess nuclear weapons are United States of America, China, North Korea, France, Russia, United Kingdom, Pakistan, and India. Israel is suspected to possess this ammunition but has not acknowledged or denied the claim. However, the numbers of nations yearning to have nuclear power for either military or economic are many. Due to this, nations that already possess these weapons use this as a bargaining point, however, there are restrictions on who can produce or buy these weapons. Moreover, governments believe that nuclear weapons advance their national security, provide insurance against future risks and uncertainties (Paone, 2009). Other reasons why a country may want to acquire nuclear powers are if one of its aggressors owns these weapons, to advance its international standings, running of economy through nuclear energy. International relations are soaring since the invention of nuclear weapons. It is clear that with increase of nuclear, there is high risk of a nuclear war (Karp and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1992); indeed, nuclear weapons have brought the world to the verge of war. The ability of a nation to destroy another population and environment with these weapons launched from far has increased the risk of military conflict. In addition, the risk of nuclear terrorism is real, in the wake of increased terror attacks in the world. Although up until now terrorists have not used nuclear weapons in their attacks, there is a fear that, terrorist could access and use these weapons.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the event that terror groups cannot access nuclear weapons, they can choose to attack nuclear power plants, leading to catastrophic situations. Nuclear weapons are beyond reach by small terror groups; however, in the era where some states are exporting terror, these states c an facilitate terror organization to obtain nuclear weapons. Even with restrictions and regulation on states intending to acquire nuclear weapon, some states have been able to obtain weapons of mass destruction illegally. With technological advancement, terrorists would not face any hitches in manufacture of nuclear weapons. In addition, some irresponsible states could possibly sell nuclear weapons to terror groups in the black market. The other risk is unstable and poorly governed nations acquiring nuclear weapons and using them irresponsibly against its people or other nations. Nuclear weapons have not ensured peace since there is fear and uncertainty of what could happen next. It is likely that one nation will use their weapons offensively. In addition, there is also the risk of accidents in the nuclear plants; nations in the nuclear club are able to interfere with lesser nations affairs because of their military strength, a case in example being the invasion of Iraq by United St ates. Lesser countries are made to feel like subjects to the larger nations because of their military powers. This has led superpower nations to meddle with smaller nations’ affairs, as they are defenseless. One of the major reasons why Iraq was invaded and occupied by the foreign forces was suspicion that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction; thus, the more superior nations joined and set to destroy and disarm him. It was largely believed that Saddam had large amounts of chemical and biological weapons; however, it is still not clear whether Saddam possessed or intended to reopen nuclear plants. This conflict has caused other wars and terrorism acts, given that some nations cannot trust others handling nuclear warheads. A report indicates that Mr. Hussein had ambitions of building a science hub and weapons of mass destruction but his capacity had gone down since 1991 (Holdstock and Barnaby, 2003). Due to this invasion, some people became radicalized and continued t o wage wars against other people and nations. One case study is the bombing of the twin tower in the United States of America. These acts of terror can directly be traced and linked to nuclear weapons; indeed, â€Å"the acts of terror have come in to being neither by accidents nor by deliberate international arrangement; it has resulted from a combination of both political tension and technological advancement of weaponry† (Edwards, 1986, p. 14)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Did nuclear weapons bring the world to the edge of war or did they help ensure peace? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More India and Pakistan conflicts could escalate to nuclear war. These two neighboring states have had conflicts since decolonization, as they both claim a disputed territory among other issues. India acquired nuclear warheads and hence Pakistan with the aid China. The acquisition of nuclear weapons by both countries con tinues to raise fear that their conflict could escalate to nuclear conflict. Indeed, since India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons, the level of conflict has considerately risen. There is animosity among nations in the nuclear club and the rest, whereby the nations in the nuclear club use their authority to cartel the hopes of other nations of acquiring nuclear energy. The hostility has grown to a level that these nations can wedge or sponsor terror attacks to nuclear states. In addition, religious states as Islamic could use force in their crusades in attempt to convert people into their religion. The errant nations who defile orders and continue to produce their own weapons are dealt with militarily as was the case with Iraq and its leader Saddam Hussein. Other nations like North Korea and Iran receive a lot of condemnation and the United States of America has been requesting these nations to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons in their territories (Holdstock and Barnaby , 2003). The nuclear club wants to reserve all the rights to them; however, members of the club can go an extra mile to protect their ‘privileges’ even if it means warfare. Moreover, the reasons that they give why some nations should not have weapons of mass destruction are instability and poor governance. There have been treaties signed by nations with nuclear arsenals to either reduce, or stop the production. However, there are nations who are not complying, hence leading to tensions among members of the nuclear club. The result of this is the likelihood of eruption of war due to some disgruntled nations (Holdstock and Barnaby, 2003, p. 54). Another conflict being fueled by nuclear weapons is Israel and Middle East conflict. Israel does not confirm or denies its possession of nuclear weapons; it has been difficult to settle its conflict with nations in the Middle East. Since Israel owns weapons of mass destruction and hence more superior to its enemies, it has always been provoking and defying fire agreements. In the past, Israel has used un-proportional fire in short war encounters. Moreover, Israel may in the future use its chemical or biological weapons of mass destruction. Protesting against this, Iran has been condemning and requesting the UN to warn Israel against its proliferation of nuclear weapons. Indeed, Israel’s nuclear arsenals have just led to an increase of conflicts with its enemies, who are also likely to seek for nuclear weapons for offensive purposes (Karsh, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the quest for knowing what nations in the nuclear club are developing, nations have resulted in spying, leaving the world on the edge of a war. For instance, the US is suspected to have spies in Iran, Iraq and china, while the Russians are also engaged in this vice. In an effort of deterring nations from obtaining nuclear weapons, nations are arresting scientists believed or linked to aiding in the proliferation of nuclear arsenals; for instance, in a recent case, the US abducted a nuclear scientist from Iran causing tension between the two nations. According to Anon (1982), â€Å"the existence of nuclear weapons, nuclear deterrence has been the most important mechanism in keeping the world in peace for the last 40 years.† Peace is described as absence of war; and in this case, since the fall of the Soviet Union, the world has not gone into a large war except local conflicts after 1945 especially in Africa and Asia though none of these has escalated to the use of nuclear w eapons. Nuclear weapons have led to sustainable peace in the world since 1945. There is control and monitoring of nations with these weapons hence avoiding a state of war. Nuclear weapons have also deterred aggressor nation from provoking others in fear of attack. There is a notion that nuclear weapons prevent armed conflicts due to undesired risks that pose to both parties. On the other hand, the existence of nuclear deterrence has promoted peace in the world. Nuclear deterrence is the refraining of an enemy from using nuclear weapons since he could be destroyed as a consequence. For instance, if two nations choose to engage in nuclear conflict the consequences could be mutual destruction. Governments and leaders are less likely to engage or provoke nations with nuclear weapons, while nations who have strong friends in the nuclear club are respected. Thus, peace has prevailed in the world due to fear. Nevertheless, the bottom line of peace is that nations in the nuclear club could support and defend their weaker allies if need be. Before the invention of nuclear arsenals, warfare was used by governments as a means of achieving political mileage but not any longer. The nation in the nuclear club relationship is based on mistrust; there are always speculations that other nations are advancing technologically more than the other is, reducing the tendency of aggravation of each other. Having witnessed the massive destruction that nuclear weapons caused during the 1945 bombing, fewer nations are willing to engage in wars that could lead to nuclear war. After the use of these weapons, a body was formed that controls the affairs of the world, with the United Nations being a peace organization. It was formed during the Second World War, came into being officially in October 1945, with the main duties being to maintain international peace, security, and to develop friendly relations among nations Since many sovereign nations are signatories to the UN, they are limited or governed and deterred from engaging in wars. The UN has promoted the peace to some level as it creates a platform for dialogue for countries with disputes. In extreme cases, the UN also intervenes in areas where there is conflict through it peacekeeping programmes to stop the conflict from escalating. Since the UN is a neutral party, it has helped in solving and stopping many wars as well as advocating for non-proliferation of nuclear warheads. Moreover, the UN has its special forces that work alongside other military to maintain peace. In conclusion, nuclear weapons have helped to ensure peace in the world given that the world has not suffered a major war since the first use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear deterrence is one of the ways nuclear weapons have aided to guarantee peace. Many leaders and governments are not quick to engage in warfare; indeed, the possession of these weapons by government provides national security of their nations and those of their allies. The understan ding of the destruction caused by nuclear weapons has promoted peace. These weapons usually cause immense destruction and can affect the mutual parties. However, it is still not clear whether the balance of terror can continue to sustain the peace prevailing presently. Due to the events leading to first use of nuclear weapon, a peace organization was formed, the UN, a body that has been instrumental in ensuring peace in the world. In addition, the body has played a major role in deterring the use of nuclear weapons. Nevertheless, this body has some limitation, since it is funded by the super powers, who are also permanent members of the Security Council, hence the UN sometimes cannot have a great influence over them. A case in mind is the invasion of Iraq. On the other hand, weapons of mass destruction have brought the world to the edge of war. The nations with these weapons boast of superior military strength, and due to this, they can meddle and provoke other smaller nations. In t he attempt of controlling of perforation of weapons of mass destruction, smaller nations have been invaded. There is always spying of other nations to check what they are doing. Acts of terror in the world are largely linked to nuclear weapons and the way members of the nuclear weapon club treat their nations. Even in the nuclear club, there is mistrust among members, as they are trying to outdo one another with development of new weapons. However, due to the catastrophic consequence of chemical and biological weapons, the world should consider unilateral nuclear weapons disarments programmes. Moreover, the reduction of amount of weapons in the world could certainly reduce risks and tensions in the world. Reference List Anon.1982. The Economist, Volume 284, Issues 7244-7256. London: Charles Reynell Publisher. Edwards, J. C., 1986. Nuclear weapons, the balance of terror, the quest for peace. Surrey: Sunny press. Holdstock, D and Barnaby, F., 2003. The British nuclear weapons programm e, 1952-2002. London: Routledge. Karp, R. C. and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1992. Security without nuclear weapons? Different perspectives on non-nuclear security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Karsh, E., 2000. Israel: From war to peace? London: Routledge. Paone, R. M., 2001. Evolving New World order/disorder: China-Russia-United States-NATO. Oxford: University Press of America. Segell, G., 2005. Axis of evil and rogue states: the Bush administration. London: Glenn Segell publishers. This essay on Did nuclear weapons bring the world to the edge of war or did they help ensure peace? was written and submitted by user Orion N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Challenges in the External Environment of Starbucks Essay Example

Challenges in the External Environment of Starbucks Essay Example Challenges in the External Environment of Starbucks Paper Challenges in the External Environment of Starbucks Paper An example of this is that in the market that Cataracts operates in, there are many substitutes which can entice consumers into other businesses. As mentioned before, with the introduction of coffee machines and instant coffee, consumers can quickly make coffee rather than go out of their way to find a Cataracts. Furthermore, using the UK as an example, rival businesses offer an easy substitute. With other similar businesses like Costa, offering products at a similar quality and price it is easy for Cataracts to lose customers, but also gain them at the same time. This can be of strategic importance to Cataracts, as a reconsideration of choice if something goes wrong can influence a customer to move to a rival. Being a fairly easy market to penetrate, Porters Five Forces also suggest that Cataracts could face challenges in its business environment. Using technology that isnt patented just to the Cataracts franchise means that if a new business was to penetrate the market it would be easy to produce an almost identical product to that of theirs. With the right financial background and a good pricing strategy, Cataracts could face rivalry from a new competitive opponent. So, because once a new firm has successfully entered the market it can easily gain access to the same technology and produce similar products, possibly the only thing protecting Cataracts is its image and already established name thus showing a challenge that is of current strategic importance. As previously stated, Cataracts has high competition in its market. Due to this great level of competition, price wars are commonly in place having to match their rivals. This can be seen as a challenge in Cataracts business environment as it could hen in turn drive down profits and profit margins as they try to increase, or as a minimum, maintain their share of the market. Although it could be easy for a new business to enter the market, because Cataracts has such a high market share they would be almost exempt from any threat. Having already built a reputable corporate image and with vast experience in the market, it would be extremely hard for a new entrant to straight away offer much competition. If the market is dominated by a small amount of fairly large suppliers rather than numerous fragmented sources, a suppliers bargaining rower is more than likely going to be high. However, even though suppliers do have power it is often capped to a certain level. Using Cataracts as the example, with such a renowned name and an increasing productivity it means that the coffee beans need Cataracts as well. Additionally, because Cataracts has a range of suppliers of coffee beans coming from South America, Asia and Eastern Africa it means that even if one supplier was to pull out for a reason they could still resort to the other suppliers. This doesnt go to say however, that because Cataracts has a range of suppliers that they can underestimate the power that they to control and limit the amount of coffee beans exported. Due to this reasoning, the bargaining power of the suppliers can and always will be a challenge in Cataracts business environment, and is of current strategic importance. The bargaining power of buyers also ought to be considered when looking at the relation between Porters Five Forces and the business environment along with the market Cataracts operates in. The buyers or consumers, at the end of the day are the key things that keep a business running. In this market it has already been demonstrated that the errs do have the power in theory- according to the five forces proposed by Porter- to control the price of the products. The point that the products arent entirely differentiated, buyers cost of switching to a competitors product is low, the shopping cost is low and buyers are price sensitive means that the buyers seem to have lots of power. In reference to the differentiation segment in Igor Nations matrix (a new product, entering a new market) it doesnt seem as if Cataracts products differ from that of its competitors. This perhaps gives the buyers power to switch over to a competitor offering animal products, because the cost of switching to the alternative is of low cost, and the buyers are price sensitive so will take up the opportunity to do so. This suggests that buyers have power in the market, and because they keep the business running it is of strategic importance for Cataracts to look at this potential problem in their business environment. One of Cataracts many strengths is their established brand name. Because they have such a reputable name, it means that perhaps new consumers may go straight to them rather than competitors when Cataracts decide to expand into a new egging or country. This in turn, means that Cataracts could afford to spend less on advertising when expanding because the recognition by the customers is more likely to already be there. Another strength that Cataracts possesses is the use of high technology in the stores. Using it as an attempt to generate a larger customer base, Cataracts have installed high speed internet in a vast majority of its stores. This makes It ideal for business men, amongst others to gain access to the internet in a relaxed environment, encouraging them to stay longer and perhaps buy more from Cataracts. The use of pre aid cards and an online store, selling coffee machines, tea bags and ground coffee beans is another example of technology used by Cataracts. This is a strength as, even if a customer doesnt shop in store they can buy from online. Another possible strength portrayed by Cataracts is a range of high quality products. An ever increasing range of hot beverages and foods means shows innovation within Cataracts, which is vital in keeping customers hooked. Cataracts also faces a few weaknesses as well, including the high prices it sets on its products. With rivalry businesses in abundance and a high rice due to a rising cost of production, when buying fair trade coffee beans the increase Of price may have a direct effect on the pricing strategy. This could then lead to falling sales and loyalty of the customers. Other weaknesses may include an almost, self-cannibalistic like effect on itself. Due to shops being located within a short distance of each other in major cities Cataracts can be seen to have taken customers from itself in the past. But surely as long as Cataracts are getting the customers, it shouldnt matter should it? Well, because the stores are in abundance and short distance of ACH other, it means some stores wont perform as well as others. The cost of running the stores that arent as high performing as the others is very high, and means that Cataracts may need to reconsider their marketing mix. Possible opportunities that could come from the strengths could be that, it would be easier for Cataracts to expand abroad without facing as many discomposes of scale because of their reputable name in the market. It can be argued however, using China as an example that social problems may overcome the brand name when trying to expand highlighting a problem Cataracts could encounter making it of strategic importance. Another opportunity could be the expansion into retail operations, by selling coffee machines, beans and tea online to customers furthermore expanding their market. This could increase the financial status after diversification. Having looked into, and evaluated the challenges in Cataracts business environment there are possible solutions that could solve them. In regards to the ageing population, Cataracts could possibly create an environment in its stores that cater for more than one age group. This could be reached by possibly putting suggestion boxes in all stores, so they know what to look for. The social problem faced when expanding could possibly be solved according to Porters diamond (M. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, 1990). Because the product is of higher demand in the home country of the firm, it should probably choose where it expands very carefully and pull out to achieve success. With the economic problem of a low disposable income faced by customers and an increase of rivals due to an increase in technology, Nations matrix would suggest that Cataracts diversifies to fight Off the rivalry. Cataracts were to perhaps enter a new market customers could be willing to Penn money on their goods. To solve the environmental challenges when importing coffee beans, the SOOT analysis would suggest to keep good relations with the suppliers and if possible, increase the spread of where they are sourced. This would then lower the threat of decreased materials is bad harvests are reported. To counter act the problem of rivalry in the market, Nations matrix again would suggest diversifying to enable Cataracts to offer something different capturing the attention of the customers. In order to solve the weaknesses and threats of the business, most frameworks offer the same solution. This would be to concentrate on the marketing mix and the way the company is internally run (structure) this would enable the business to see when and when not to expand. The best solutions for the company for the challenge of the ageing population would probably be conduct research, both primary and secondary to enable them to see how they can cater for different age brackets. This would be suffice as it is getting information from the customers themselves, and should help Struck to excel. In regards to the social problems, maybe Cataracts should reconsider their pricing strategy within different areas to keep the customers happy. With such large populations, these kinds of markets do offer potential if the pricing strategy is right and if Cataracts can correctly grasp the culture. Diversification would be the answer to solve the economic, technological and competition challenges. The offer of different products, such as coffee machines and buying online could help Cataracts to enter a new market, increasing the chance to pull away from competitors and solving the economic problems. With environmental challenges it is vital that Cataracts should keep good relations with, and a variety of suppliers. To conclude, although Cataracts is an international business, the research shows that even these huge businesses do face challenges. With the solutions mentioned above, Cataracts should be able to succeed in getting rid of the challenges. Primary and secondary research methods are both a good way of determining what is needed to be done in order to please the customers. As Cataracts would receive first hand opinions, then maybe they could perhaps work on the problems and satisfy the customers. This would need to be done because the buyers in this certain market have a lot of power and determine the productivity and success of a rim. When expanding, the pricing strategy is very important as economies differ in different countries as demonstrated in China. With careful reconsideration of the culture and price, countries like China could prove to be wise investments. When looking at the problems encountered in the competition, technology and economy diversification although risky at times is the answer. It allows the firm to expand into a new market, increasing the chances of enabling them to decrease the level of which competition faced by rivalry firms. Because coffee beans play such a vital role in how Cataracts reforms, it is key that they keep a good relationship with their suppliers in case any environmental problems were to occur and they got cut off.

The correlation between race and child obesity Research Paper

The correlation between race and child obesity - Research Paper Example Many researches have been carried out to understand the reason behind the increase in prevalence of obesity among children. The aim of this paper is to compare two articles discussing the research about the role of racial background in the development of obesity among children. The validity of the information in an article depends not only on the credentials of the author but also on the efforts taken by the author to reach the depth of the topic discussed. The two articles that are included in the study are: 1) â€Å"Racial and Ethnic Differentials in Overweight and Obesity Among 3-Year-Old Children† by Kimbro, Brooks-Gunn and McLanahan and, 2) â€Å"UCSF study finds racial gaps in child obesity† by Allday. The analysis of the articles â€Å"Racial and Ethnic Differentials in Overweight and Obesity Among 3-Year-Old Children† (by Kimbro, Brooks-Gunn and McLanahan) and â€Å"UCSF study finds racial gaps in child obesity† (by Allday), revealed that the racia l background is one of he major factors of development of obesity in a child as parents from different racial background harbor different beliefs about obesity and this influences the weight of a child. â€Å"Racial and Ethnic Differentials in Overweight and Obesity Among 3-Year-Old Children† by Kimbro, Brooks-Gunn and McLanahan, is an excellent article which provides an in depth information about the effect of racial background on the development of obesity in children. The authors of the article are qualified and have experience in the field of health science. The authors, Kimbro, Brooks-Gunn and McLanahan, are working with University of Wisconsin, Columbia University and Princeton University, respectively. Their experience has helped them to reach the depth of the topic by studying different aspects of children’s life which could affect the development of obesity in them. The study discussed in the article is comprehensive and is based on

Reaction Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction Paper - Assignment Example In this paper, I will focus on the long-term maintenance and management of persons who are addicted to Opioid drugs. Methadone is recently been used as a treatment for persons suffering from opiate addiction. However, its reception in the country and internationally has not been positive, in the sense that, it has brought many controversies. Conversely, in my opinion methadone has been a great boost for persons addicted to opiate drugs, as well as, heroin. This is because it blocks the euphoric and numbing effects of opiates. Secondly, cravings for opiates are relived, which has been stated to be a major factor for relapse. Besides, from reducing cravings, it has helped in reliving symptoms associated with withdrawal from opiates. The fact that methadone does not cause any intoxication or euphoria in the body causing a person to work effectively is the major reason methadone is the appropriate maintenance treatment. Therefore, the use of methadone as a long-term drug for drug addiction maintenance is effective. Because according to the research conducted by Proctor et al. (2014), it is clear that the advantages of methadone over buprenorphine were many. In the research conducted by Akhondzadeh et al (2014), the research indicated that the use of self-help group was most preferred because of the higher agreeableness, as well as, lower neuroticism that were seen in people who attended NA meetings. Although the use of methadone is, a good approach of dealing with people who are opiate addicts in this time and age people are too busy to find time to attend NA meetings. Additionally, it was established that people who attend NA meetings had a lower level of education and come from poor backgrounds than those who used methadone as a form of maintenance for drug addiction (Matesa, 2011). For that reason, it is clear that although there are different methods of drug maintenance they

The Guernica Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Guernica - Essay Example It projects a heavy emotion through its dismal, grim nature. The Guernica also shows the morphing of humans and animals - a clear opinion from the artist of how war creates a situation where humans and animals seem to be alike. The Guernica depicts a mood that is most likely to be associated with a house of horrors, full of distorted, morphed characters carrying a heavy, dark mood full of gloom and grim. Picasso's opinion of wars is clearly expressed through the Guernica. The complexity of its content makes it a unique work of art. Thus, I have always believed that a work of art is a reflection of how the artist sees the world. It is the artist's expression of the circumstances that occur around him. It is the artist's creation of something that holds underlying symbolisms and mysteries within it, that each person has their own view and opinions towards it. In my point of view, it is the Guernica that best represents a work of art. Its uniqueness is brought about by the unconventional style of depicting characters, and its symbolism cannot be interpreted in a single angle. It gives room for everyone to have their own interpretations and ideas formed - a true mark of a work of art. For me, that is what is considered to be a work of art; and the Guernica is absolutely one of its kind.

Impact Of Immigration On Australian In Socioeconomic Context Economics Essay

Impact Of Immigration On Australian In Socioeconomic Context Economics Essay This essay will explain the economic, environmental and social impact of immigration on Australia and its role in the future prospects of the country. Studying the country for the group report and presentation we came across how important are the skilled immigrants as an addition to the labour force of Australia. Immigration is an interesting issue as it touches many areas of public life: economics, demographics and even religion. According to OECD around 3% of the people in the globe are migrants. Each country and even regions in a specific country experience migration differently. Therefore this essay with the use of PESTLE analysis to scan the political-legal, economic and environmental impact and Hofstede Cultural dimensions to explain social attributes, will be a focused research on immigration and its effect on the people and the country. The first part gives an inside of the history of migration and the early policies adopted by the country. Part 2 goes on to illustrate the trends over time concerning the migration policies and laws. Part 3 and 4 deal with the environmental and economic impact of immigration respectively. Finally, the social attitude and how are immigrants treated in todays society will be considered. Background Australia being a British colony and closely connected with the Empire, concentrated its early migration policies before World War II in keeping the country white accepting into the country only British and Europeans. However, after World War II migration was high in the agenda of politicians with policies being set in accordance with the needs of the country: allow more non-European skilled immigrants to cover the shortage of labour and expand the manufacturing industry. Their slogan was populate or perish and a large wave of immigrants was accepted in the country. The White Australia Policy was abolished in 1973 and regardless of origin; anyone could become a citizen of Australia being a permanent resident for three years or more. The years to follow will see the policies and laws towards migrants becoming more structured and focused. Significant changes took place aided by globalisation and the easier movement of people. Indeed globalisation and the fact that national events have international effects is one of the drivers of migration. Immigration policies We will analyse the Political and Legal parts (political support and initiative, legislation changes) of PESTLE to evaluate the immigration policies adopted by the governments. The permanent entry and conditions are established by the Australian Government whereas the Department of Immigration and Citizenship is responsible to issue visas under various programs. The size of permanent migration program increased substantially and this is mainly the aftermath of the growing focus on skilled workers. The Skill Stream accounts for 64% of the total Migration Program followed by the Family Stream which accounts for 35.7% and finally the Special Eligibility with 0.3%. In 2008 it was announced by the government that the skilled migration will be more demand driven and therefore more responsive to changes in the demand for labour and the needs of the economy. This was to assist industries facing skill shortages mostly in health and engineering sector. As with demand-driven operating models and especially pull models that support the use of resources as soon as the need arises, the Migration Program adapts policies to respond to the countrys needs. Australia had a brain drain problem for many years with highly skilled workers and professional leaving the country. It can be argued that that is one of the reasons why the Migration Program is so keen in accepting in the country skilled labour. Actually, legislation changes are made to accommodate the new immigrants, for example the removal of fees for English courses. However, concentrating more on the skilled immigrants might be seen as unfair by other categories of migrants as the recent riots have showed at Villawood a detention camp in Sydney. Detainees complained of lengthy waits to have their asylum claims heard. It is argued that those of a genuine need of government protection are not treated as it should. As a matter of fact, Immigration Minister Chris Bowen proposed a new law where any asylum seeker found guilty of an offence would fail to receive a permanent visa. In terms of return to the country, though, and especially the economy, skilled labour contributes more. The number of refugees arriving by boat increased substantially and even though the government tries to accommodate them all this is impossible. Impact of immigration on the environment Moving on to the Environment from PESTLE we will consider the level of pollution and attitudes from the government. Most of Australias geographical area is uninhabited with people concentrated in a small number of specific parts of the country and cities. Australia has one of the lowest population densities of all countries with only 2.92 people per square kilometre. Even though it may seem that Australia land area of 7.7 million square kilometres could support a larger population, this is impossible due to the fact that deserts occupy almost 38% of the country mainly in the centre and western part. The situation worsened with the recent severe floods in the many states. In Queensland alone 200,000 were affected and a mass evacuation took place. Therefore it is obvious that population increases are important to Australia since 75% of the population lives in urban areas with cities like the Australian Capital Territory having the highest population density at 152.5 people per square kilometre. A research of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) showed that 54% of the population increase is due to immigrants. The Optimum Population Trust argues that to sustain the current standard of leaving the optimum population of Australia is 10 million people and 21 million at the lowest possible living standard. The current figure of population 22.5 million people and the projected figure of 36 million in 2050 are high above the optimum set by the organisation. However, it can be argued that natural resources like oil could sustain population pressures if the people, the government and major companies invest in substitutes and new technologies. As far as global warming and greenhouse gas emission are concern Australia is one of the largest polluter of the world with the CO2 emission reaching the outstanding figure of per capita. This and other environmental externalities like congestion may have a deteriorating effect on the living standards of Australians. Environmental deterioration due to increased migration must be weighed against economic impacts when considering the future of the country. Impact of immigration on the economy The Economy from PESTLE analysis seems to be the strongest card of the country. The economic performance of Australia has been remarkable since the economic crisis. This part will concentrate particularly on the impact the skilled immigrants have on the economy of Australia. Overall, larger population means more labour translating in higher gross domestic product and income. However, how this increase is spread across the population and the impact on living standards are not clear given the aggregate measures of GDP and GNI. If we consider GDP and GNI per capita then these are affected by the productivity of the workers and the participation rate. Skilled immigrants affect the supply composition of labour. It is projected in the Commission paper of 2006 that by 2024-2025 and with a modelled 50% increase in the skilled migrants working age share will fall by 0.17% and participation rates will increase by 0.73% due to the cumulative effect of migration. The unemployment rate will increase with the years of residency with the cumulative effect of decreasing unemployment rates of new arrivals early in the period begins to outweigh the higher unemployment rates of new arrivals late in the period, and overall the unemployment rate decreases by 0.03% and hours per worker will rise by 0.05 per week. As expected real gross domestic product was projected to be around 4 per cent higher than otherwise. The annual average income per capita was projected to be $383 higher but not equally distributed. Migrants are expected to benefit more from the increase in average income since the incumbent populations average real wages declined by $334, but income from other sources raised, especially from government transfers due to higher indirect tax revenue, $103 per annum respectively. A higher income per capita means that people will spend more leading to increased tax revenue for the government. The impact of increased skilled labour must by also be considered in the context of different industries and regions. For example in the Western Australia the most important sectors are mining and agriculture which are capital intensive affected mostly by changes in capital stocks rather than labour composition. The immigration increases can address the costs and time associated with the training of domestic labour. However, it may substitute domestic income and discourage the human capital investment of the country. The answer is to make the skilled migrants a compliment to domestic labour rather than a substitute. Peoples attitude towards immigration In order to analyse the social attributes towards immigration the Hofstede Cultural Dimensions will be used in this section. Overall, globalisation made people of Australia today more acceptable of foreigners settling in their country and they are open to the idea of a multicultural society. However, it is evident from the early migration policies discussed on previous section that the government had a discriminating approach towards non-British migrants especially those settlers coming from Asia, in an attempt to perceive the national identity. Many have argued that this attitude was a product of fear that as the British had colonised and decimated the aborigines so will a stronger nation do to them. With globalisation, people began to realise that foreigners settling in their country will be a reality for their everyday life. Ethnic communities were formed and foreigners took part in elections as government officials and academics. In the year 2010 the foreign-born population in Australia was 26.4% of the total population compared to the 3.1% of the world average. In a recent survey carried out by the University of Western Sidney 86.6% of the people asked agreed that It is a good thing for a society to be made up of people from different cultures. Nevertheless 80.1% answer for themselves that they are no prejudiced against other cultures but in the question Is there a racial prejudice in Australia 84.4% agreed. According to Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Australia has the second highest level of individuality of 90 coming behind the United States ranking of 91. Individualism describes the relationships of people and the way the live together. People therefore are expected to take care of only themselves and immediate family maybe that is why Australians may still be suspicious of foreigners. In addition earnings are very important therefore they might feel a threat from the skilled migrants. Critical reflection This essay tried to tackle a very complex and significant issue of Australia. Maybe the analysis would have been more concise if it was concentrated in fewer areas that are affected by immigration. Most of the sources used are from the governments websites but in some parts critics were also evaluated. In addition the presence of International Business Models is not sufficient and more examples of models could have been used. Difficulties were faced in the research when trying to find the most recent statistical data. More independent sources could have been use and more coherent arguments. The results are inconclusive and a more detailed research must be carried out to better assess the question of what is the impact of immigration on Australia. The issue of migration must be set in a wider context taking under consideration a greater number of factors and drivers for example consider also the role of emigration.